Viet Nam faces many environmental challenges along with the increasing air pollution that poses a major threat to the climate and human health. Due to a growing energy demand, mostly met with traditional fuels, there has been a deterioration in air quality in the country (Kim et al., 2020). According to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) report titled ‘Air environment - Current situation and solutions’, air pollution is predominant in all big cities and has increased in craft villages between 2016 and 2020 (National Report on Environmental State, 2021).